During the Civil War, the Confederacy attempted to use “Cotton Diplomacy” to force Europe’s major industrial nations to enter the war. The strategy was simple–British and French textile mills depended on Southern cotton, and if that cotton was cut off because of the war, it would force the European powers to intervene in the conflict to save their domestic industries. The strategy failed, of course, in spite of the near elimination of Southern cotton from the international market during the war. Today’s map gives a hint as to why.
The map above is a curious comparative map of the quantities of cotton and wool imported to Europe in 1858 and 1861. Blue represents cotton and wool from the United States, the orange from British territories in South Asia, and brown from the Levant (the East Mediterranean). Pink represents cotton and wool imported to Britain that was subsequently re-exported to Europe. There is also a small sliver of imports from Brazil, also in a light blue, though the original color may have faded. One millimeter represents 5,000 tons of cotton or wool. Click here or on the picture above to see the map enlarged.
In 1861, the Union had not yet implemented its wartime blockade of the South, and cotton and wool could still be exported. Nevertheless, the British were facing continuous demand and worried about the stability of their suppliers. As such, they ramped up production of cotton in India and elsewhere in South Asia, clearly visible on the map.
When the South eventually was fully blockaded, it was this South Asian source of cotton, as well as additional new production, that kept Continental textile mills in operation and prevented Cotton Diplomacy from succeeding. In fact, in 1861, re-exports of cotton and wool from Britain to the Continent actually increased.
Minard also includes a line chart of cotton and wool production and imports over 30 years. This chart is interesting in its own right, as it shows how the Industrial Revolution and the Cotton Gin dramatically increased the demand for and production of cotton. Click here or on the picture below to see the graph in a larger size.
Although this map does not show as stark of a comparison as other Minard maps, it still serves to show a clever framwork for cartographic comparison.
This is a post in our continuing “Mondays with Minard” series, exhibiting Charles Joseph Minard’s excellent cartographic handiwork. This map was photographed specifically for use here at Cartographia from the collections of the Library of Congress. Feel free to reproduce the map in any way you wish, but please cite us as the source.
When can we look forward to more maps?
Where are you accessing these maps? Are you paying for the imaging yourself(if so, thank you!), or is there some online archive you’re drawing on?